Definition of Admissions
Admissions are statements, whether oral or written, made by a party to the proceedings or their authorized representative. These statements suggest an inference about any fact in issue or relevant fact and are considered against the interest of the party making them.
Types of Admissions
- Express Admissions: Clear and explicit statements made by a party admitting or acknowledging a fact relevant to the case.
- Implied Admissions: Admissions inferred from the conduct, silence, or demeanor of a party where a reasonable person would be expected to respond.
- Judicial Admissions: Admissions made by a party or their advocate during the course of judicial proceedings, binding on the party making them.
- Admissions as to Documents: Admissions made by a party regarding the genuineness, accuracy, or validity of a document, considered strong evidence against them.
Nature and Effect of Admissions
- Substantive Evidence: Admissions are considered substantive evidence against the party making them, aiding in establishing the truth of the facts admitted.
- Conclusive Proof: Admissions are not conclusive proof of the fact admitted; the court evaluates all evidence before making a final decision.
- Binding Nature: Admissions are generally binding, and the party making them cannot retract or deny them, unless made under a mistake of fact or law.
Admissions by Agents or Representatives
Admissions made by a party’s agent or representative, within the scope of their authority, are admissible as evidence against the party. Post-termination admissions are not admissible.
Privilege against Self-Incrimination
Confessions made by an accused person are generally inadmissible as evidence against them, except in limited circumstances. Confessions made to police officers are generally not admissible.
Use of Admissions by Court
The court has discretion in using admissions to evaluate evidence and reach a decision. The weight and significance given to admissions depend on the facts and circumstances of each case.
Estoppel
Admissions may create an estoppel, preventing a party from denying the truth of the facts admitted. Parties are bound by their own admissions and cannot take contradictory positions.